{
  "title": "牢：字形展线",
  "created_utc": "2026-10-22",
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "oracle",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "甲骨文",
      "date_label": "商代晚期",
      "work": "《甲骨文合集》728",
      "image": "images/05.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/oracle/7262-1326337425.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录拓片字图",
      "note": "非整片甲骨照片；数据库对应编号已核实，不作精确王世断代。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/oracle.svg",
      "display_name": "甲骨文",
      "display_period": "商代晚期",
      "display_source": "《合集》728",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/oracle.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "oracle-alt",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "甲骨异形",
      "date_label": "商代晚期",
      "work": "《甲骨文合集》33314",
      "image": "images/06.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/oracle/7262-1502357141.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录拓片字图",
      "note": "与甲骨主字形并存，不能画成先后替代关系。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bronze",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "金文",
      "date_label": "商周文字·教材摹形",
      "work": "《字源考释》牢字条",
      "image": "images/bronze-eph.gif",
      "image_url": "https://ephpth.ephhk.com/resource/tools/lcprichi/materials/old_character/b/1674b.gif",
      "source_url": "https://ephpth.ephhk.com/resource/tools/lcprichi/search/show_word.php?id=1674",
      "source_name": "教育出版社《字源考释》",
      "material_type": "教材现代摹形",
      "note": "独立出版社来源标作金文，字形已视觉核验；该页未指明具体器物，不得直接标貉子卣或给某器精确年代。若用户要求每件均为具名器物，此件须留待替换，不可隐去教材摹形标签。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "provenance_limit": "具体原器未标明",
      "preferred": false,
      "pixels": [
        60,
        59
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/bronze.svg",
      "display_name": "金文",
      "display_period": "商周·教材摹形",
      "display_source": "《字源考释》教材摹形",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/bronze.gif",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "chu-early",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "战国文字",
      "date_label": "战国早期",
      "work": "曾侯乙墓竹简146",
      "image": "images/15.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/silk/7262-1326261315.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录简文字图",
      "note": "墓葬约前433年或稍后；图片不是新绘书法字。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "chu",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "楚系简帛",
      "date_label": "战国",
      "work": "包山楚简97",
      "image": "images/13.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/silk/7262-1326261234.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录简文字图",
      "note": "用材料名而非笼统大篆；此处不将现代简牍编号当年份。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/chu.svg",
      "display_name": "战国文字",
      "display_period": "战国",
      "display_source": "包山楚简97",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/chu.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "seal",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "小篆",
      "date_label": "《说文》传世字样",
      "work": "《说文解字》牛部",
      "image": "images/00.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/seal/7262-1192428798.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字书传世小篆摹形",
      "note": "小篆在秦统一时成为规范书体；此图片取自《说文》字样，不是秦朝出土原物，也不将字书现存载体年代误作字形起源年代。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/seal.svg",
      "display_name": "小篆",
      "display_period": "秦汉书体",
      "display_source": "《说文》传世字样",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/seal.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "clerical",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "隶书",
      "date_label": "东汉",
      "work": "史晨碑；《秦汉魏晋篆隶字形表》收形",
      "image": "images/29.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/archaic/7262-1502357097.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库收录碑刻字形",
      "note": "史晨前后碑年代涉及168/169年，字库未明确此字取前碑或后碑，前端只标东汉，不强写单年。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/clerical.svg",
      "display_name": "隶书",
      "display_period": "东汉",
      "display_source": "史晨碑收形",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/clerical.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "clerical-alt",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "汉隶",
      "date_label": "东汉",
      "work": "熹平石经《仪礼·聘礼》；《秦汉魏晋篆隶字形表》收形",
      "image": "images/28.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/archaic/7262-1502357090.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库收录碑刻字形",
      "note": "备用：避免与史晨碑重复占主展线阶段。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "regular",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "楷书",
      "date_label": "《干禄字书》传世刻本",
      "work": "《干禄字书》平声·页7左，正体“牢”",
      "image": "images/regular-ganlu-crop.png",
      "image_url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/book_piece/018/1735622.png",
      "source_url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=-26897",
      "source_name": "教育部《异体字字典》A02489形体资料表",
      "material_type": "传世字书刻本截字",
      "note": "唐颜元孙撰字书，现行数据库所取具体版次未在此条明确，不能称唐代原石或唐人墨迹。原图上俗下正，取下方正字。",
      "crop": {
        "original": "images/ganlu-1.png",
        "box_xyxy": [
          0,
          43,
          56,
          88
        ],
        "operations": "仅矩形裁切；未描绘、补笔或AI生成"
      },
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        56,
        45
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/regular.svg",
      "display_name": "楷书",
      "display_period": "唐代字书",
      "display_source": "《干禄字书》传世刻本",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/regular.png",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    }
  ],
  "recommended_main_ids": [
    "oracle",
    "bronze",
    "chu",
    "seal",
    "clerical",
    "regular"
  ],
  "parallel_examples": [
    "oracle-alt",
    "chu-early",
    "clerical-alt"
  ],
  "brief_labels": {
    "scope_note": "大篆是范围称呼，不是金文之后的单独一站。",
    "branch_note": "行草与楷书并行发展。",
    "source_note": "保留原图与出处；页面以据原图描摹的单色矢量字形展示。"
  },
  "chronology_notes": [
    "“大篆”广狭定义不同，不同术语传统范围不一；展览可将金文及战国文字置于“先秦文字／广义大篆”分组，不另造一幅无出处“大篆”图。",
    "隶变与小篆并非简单先后替代，秦汉有篆隶并用；可用并行/分叉图而不是单一串行箭头。",
    "草书、行书、楷书由隶书书写演化分化；行草不应排作楷书消失后的替代阶段。",
    "本次没有获得有具名作品与可靠图像对应的行草牢字，宁留旁支文字说明，不造字、不以字体冒充原迹。",
    "现代排印牢可用本站字体，并明确现代排印，不冒充古迹。"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "role": "主字形及字义出处",
      "offline": "source/cuhk.html"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://wenxueyuan.blcu.edu.cn/info/1113/1356.htm",
      "role": "隶变不止源自小篆；避免机械单线"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.npm.gov.tw/Exhibition-Content.aspx?l=1&sno=04007252",
      "role": "篆隶演变与行草楷分化"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.chinesethought.cn/shuyu_show.aspx?shuyu_id=4265",
      "role": "大篆广狭义"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw/Collection/Detail/14968?dep=P",
      "role": "史晨前碑169年佐证，不直接用于未区分前后碑的切字单年标注"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.ecsponline.com/yz/B567BADD0E81D4E01AF538BA83A01CE77000.pdf",
      "role": "曾侯乙墓竹简年代约前433年或稍后"
    }
  ],
  "rights": {
    "summary": "数据库开放浏览不等于开放转载授权。未确认中大字图库、教育出版社图片可供商业再发行；保留出处。正式公开发布前应核查必要的再利用许可。",
    "cuhk_guide_offline": "source/cuhk-guide.html",
    "cuhk_disclaimer_offline": "source/cuhk-disclaimer.html",
    "moe": "网站署名2024教育部版权所有；有辭典公眾授權網入口，但不能推定所有引书图片均同样开放授权。",
    "not_claimed": "未声称所有图像公有领域或CC许可。"
  },
  "blockers": [
    "小学堂浏览器明确IP封锁，已停止访问，未绕过。",
    "中大bronze.php及silk.php动态图下载为空，故未纳入可用图。",
    "汉典图像服务器与Wikimedia原图下载返回403，未重试绕过。",
    "金文当前可用图来自教育出版社教材，具体原器名缺失，必须保留此限制。"
  ],
  "resolution_note": "原始JPEG主要为75×75，金文60×59，楷书截字56×45。本次另存透明单色SVG展示稿：裁除边缘杂项、提取笔画轮廓、清理孤立噪点并平滑曲线，统一留白；没有增加史料细节，原始图片保留。",
  "display_items": [
    {
      "id": "oracle",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "甲骨文",
      "date_label": "商代晚期",
      "work": "《甲骨文合集》728",
      "image": "images/05.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/oracle/7262-1326337425.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录拓片字图",
      "note": "非整片甲骨照片；数据库对应编号已核实，不作精确王世断代。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/oracle.svg",
      "display_name": "甲骨文",
      "display_period": "商代晚期",
      "display_source": "《合集》728",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/oracle.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "bronze",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "金文",
      "date_label": "商周文字·教材摹形",
      "work": "《字源考释》牢字条",
      "image": "images/bronze-eph.gif",
      "image_url": "https://ephpth.ephhk.com/resource/tools/lcprichi/materials/old_character/b/1674b.gif",
      "source_url": "https://ephpth.ephhk.com/resource/tools/lcprichi/search/show_word.php?id=1674",
      "source_name": "教育出版社《字源考释》",
      "material_type": "教材现代摹形",
      "note": "独立出版社来源标作金文，字形已视觉核验；该页未指明具体器物，不得直接标貉子卣或给某器精确年代。若用户要求每件均为具名器物，此件须留待替换，不可隐去教材摹形标签。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "provenance_limit": "具体原器未标明",
      "preferred": false,
      "pixels": [
        60,
        59
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/bronze.svg",
      "display_name": "金文",
      "display_period": "商周文字",
      "display_source": "《字源考释》教材摹形",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/bronze.gif",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "chu",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "楚系简帛",
      "date_label": "战国",
      "work": "包山楚简97",
      "image": "images/13.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/silk/7262-1326261234.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库摘录简文字图",
      "note": "用材料名而非笼统大篆；此处不将现代简牍编号当年份。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/chu.svg",
      "display_name": "战国文字",
      "display_period": "战国",
      "display_source": "包山楚简97",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/chu.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "seal",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "小篆",
      "date_label": "《说文》传世字样",
      "work": "《说文解字》牛部",
      "image": "images/00.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/seal/7262-1192428798.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字书传世小篆摹形",
      "note": "小篆在秦统一时成为规范书体；此图片取自《说文》字样，不是秦朝出土原物，也不将字书现存载体年代误作字形起源年代。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/seal.svg",
      "display_name": "小篆",
      "display_period": "秦汉书体",
      "display_source": "《说文》传世字样",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/seal.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "clerical",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "隶书",
      "date_label": "东汉",
      "work": "史晨碑；《秦汉魏晋篆隶字形表》收形",
      "image": "images/29.jpg",
      "image_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/archaic/7262-1502357097.jpg",
      "source_url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%89%A2",
      "source_name": "香港中文大学《汉语多功能字库》",
      "material_type": "字库收录碑刻字形",
      "note": "史晨前后碑年代涉及168/169年，字库未明确此字取前碑或后碑，前端只标东汉，不强写单年。",
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        75,
        75
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/clerical.svg",
      "display_name": "隶书",
      "display_period": "东汉",
      "display_source": "史晨碑收形",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/clerical.jpg",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "regular",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "楷书",
      "date_label": "《干禄字书》传世刻本",
      "work": "《干禄字书》平声·页7左，正体“牢”",
      "image": "images/regular-ganlu-crop.png",
      "image_url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/book_piece/018/1735622.png",
      "source_url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=-26897",
      "source_name": "教育部《异体字字典》A02489形体资料表",
      "material_type": "传世字书刻本截字",
      "note": "唐颜元孙撰字书，现行数据库所取具体版次未在此条明确，不能称唐代原石或唐人墨迹。原图上俗下正，取下方正字。",
      "crop": {
        "original": "images/ganlu-1.png",
        "box_xyxy": [
          0,
          43,
          56,
          88
        ],
        "operations": "仅矩形裁切；未描绘、补笔或AI生成"
      },
      "visual_verified": true,
      "pixels": [
        56,
        45
      ],
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/regular.svg",
      "display_name": "楷书",
      "display_period": "唐代字书",
      "display_source": "《干禄字书》传世刻本",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/regular.png",
      "display_representation": "原图清理与轮廓描摹，仅用于展示"
    },
    {
      "id": "modern",
      "character": "牢",
      "label": "当代印刷",
      "date_label": "当代",
      "work": "Noto Serif CJK SC",
      "display_name": "当代印刷",
      "display_period": "当代",
      "display_source": "思源宋体系·现代排印",
      "display_image": "assets/script-history/vector/modern.svg",
      "source_url": "https://github.com/notofonts/noto-cjk",
      "material_type": "本站Noto Serif CJK SC字形轮廓导出，现代字体示例，非历史材料",
      "display_invert": false,
      "display_original_image": "assets/script-history/modern-print.svg",
      "display_representation": "现有现代字体轮廓，统一留白与墨色"
    }
  ],
  "display_policy": {
    "order": "书体展陈顺序，间距不代表真实时长，无单线替代或继承箭头。",
    "oracle": "依据原图亮色笔迹提取轮廓，展示SVG使用统一墨色，无反相滤镜；原始索引图保留。",
    "modern": "沿用已有Noto Serif CJK SC轮廓，只统一画布、留白与墨色，不替代历史字形。",
    "small_sources": "矢量轮廓提升显示清晰度，不代表低分辨率原图获得了更多历史细节。",
    "rights": "沿用来源限制；没有宣称开放转载许可。",
    "vectors": "六张历史字形据保留原图清理、描摹，未使用生成式图像；七张展图统一1000×1000透明画布、最长字形边800。",
    "tracing_tool": {
      "name": "potracer",
      "version": "0.0.4",
      "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
      "source": "https://github.com/tatarize/potrace",
      "usage": "仅离线生成工具，网页不加载该代码"
    }
  }
}